Signs and Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only, and does not replace expert medical or mental health advice. Bipolar disorder requires a comprehensive psychiatric and physical evaluation. So, always refer to a licensed mental health specialist for a proper diagnosis and treatment. In case of emergencies, call 9-1-1 in the U.S. or your local emergency number immediately.

Bipolar disorder is a complex mental health condition characterized by significant shifts between high and low moods. These "highs" are known as mania or hypomania, and "lows" are known as depression. These shifts can profoundly affect energy levels, sleep, behavior, relationships, and overall quality of life. Understanding the signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder is the first step to keeping yourself informed and ensuring your safety and healing in the long run.

Bipolar disorder impacts mood regulation, leading to manic/hypomanic and depressive episodes that are characterized by highs and lows, respectively. As per the National Institute of Mental Health, an estimated 4.4% of Americans experience it in their lifetime, often emerging between the ages of 18 and 29, though it can appear at any age.

Diagnosis for bipolar disorder follows the criteria mentioned in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR). As symptoms vary widely and can resemble depression, anxiety, ADHD, or substance-related concerns, only a licensed and qualified clinician can make a proper diagnosis.

Types of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar I: Involves at least one full manic episode (lasting at least 1 week or requiring hospitalization), often followed by depressive episodes.

Bipolar II: Involves hypomania (a milder form of mania) and at least one major depressive episode. Depressive phases tend to be more prominent.

Cyclothymic Disorder: Chronic, shifting moods with hypomanic and depressive symptoms lasting at least 2 years (1 year in children/teens), but less severe than full episodes.

Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified: Symptoms that do not fully match the above categories but still lead to significant emotional distress.

Those with bipolar disorder describe life as intense contrasts. Exhilarating euphoria and energy during highs (that may sometimes require hospitalization), contrasted by profound sadness, hopelessness, and slowed-down functioning during lows.

These shifts can impact self-esteem, relationships, and daily responsibilities.

During manic or hypomanic periods (the “highs”), a person may experience:

• Feeling overly happy, euphoric, or “high” for extended periods of time
• Increased energy or restlessness
• Reduced need for sleep without feeling tired
• Rapid speech with racing thoughts
• Impulsivity or risky behaviors (such as spending sprees, reckless driving, or impulsive sexual activity)
• Grandiosity or inflated self-esteem
• Easy distractibility and irritability.

In severe cases, mania can include psychosis (hallucinations or delusions) as well.

Depressive episodes in bipolar disorder may look like this:

• Persistent sadness, emptiness, and hopelessness
• Loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities
• Changes in appetite or weight
• Fatigue or loss of energy
• Sleeping too much or too little.
• Difficulty concentrating, making decisions, or remembering
• Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
• Thoughts of death or suicide.

Mixed episodes, where manic and depressive symptoms occur together, are also possible.

If anyone is experiencing suicidal thoughts or ideation, please call 9-8-8 in the U.S. or the national helpline number immediately.

Bipolar vs. Depression: Why Does an Accurate Diagnosis Matter?

Many of those with bipolar disorder first seek help during depressive episodes, leading to potential misdiagnosis as major depressive disorder. Antidepressants alone may not help bipolar depression and can sometimes trigger mania in some cases.

This is why an accurate diagnosis is highly crucial.

A licensed and experienced mental health specialist will first understand the family history of bipolar disorder or other mental health conditions, past medications and responses, substance use, and periods of atypically high energy or impulsivity.

Many of those with bipolar disorder also experience substance use disorders. In fact, some studies show these rates range from 6% to 69%, while others indicate at least 30% or higher. Alcohol or drugs may be used to self-medicate symptoms, but they often worsen mood instability and complicate diagnosis and treatment.

Bipolar disorder can develop even among children and teens, though it is often harder to identify amid normal developmental changes or conditions like ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder).

Signs are primarily extreme mood swings, irritability, changes in sleep and eating, risky behaviors, or withdrawal.

Bipolar disorder among children and teens can often be misdiagnosed as ADHD - this is one of the reasons why ADHD can be overdiagnosed while bipolar disorder remains underdiagnosed.

Recognizing bipolar signs is a first step toward healing. But this does not end here, and you do not have to navigate it on your own.

If you or a loved one suspects bipolar disorder signs or symptoms, contacting licensed and experienced mental health specialists can ensure a proper diagnosis and a personalized care plan that makes sense for you. This will involve a combination of medications (mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics, mainly), psychotherapy, and lifestyle modifications to foster healthy living practices.

At the NuView Treatment Center, we offer structured outpatient care programs like partial hospitalization programs and intensive outpatient programs that offer both intensive care and flexibility so that you can stay connected with your daily life even as you focus on your healing.

Bipolar disorder is a chronic condition, but with consistent, integrated care - many can go on to lead fully functional and fulfilling lives.

Call (323) 307-7997.

What are the underlying reasons for bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder is believed to stem from a combination of genetic factors, brain chemistry imbalances, and environmental triggers like trauma or stress.

How long do bipolar episodes typically last?

Manic episodes typically last at least one week, while depressive episodes can last weeks to several months if untreated.

Is it safe to drink alcohol or use recreational drugs with bipolar disorder?

Alcohol and recreational drugs are strongly discouraged as they can destabilize mood, trigger episodes, and interfere with medications.

Can bipolar disorder be cured?

Bipolar disorder is a chronic condition that cannot be “cured,” but with proper care, it can be effectively managed, allowing most to live stable and fulfilling lives.

How can family members best support someone with bipolar disorder?

Family members can best support their loved one with bipolar disorder by learning about the condition, encouraging treatment adherence, and maintaining a supportive environment for healing.